Despite the limitations this is the first study to

Despite the limitations, this is the first study to our knowledge to document differences in the associations between GSK343 function and visuospatial memory performance in healthy young adults as a function of childhood income levels. We used prospective data collection over the course of a longitudinal study, which is a significant advantage over previous studies using retrospective data. Our real time data collection allowed for assessment of income at multiple time points across development. Although it has long been known that poverty is related to a number of negative outcomes in adulthood, this is the first study demonstrating associations between visuospatial memory deficits associated with differences in hippocampal function during encoding and recognition, occurring independent of current adult income. Given prior reports of hippocampal recruitment associated with better memory performance (Wong et al., 2013; Bergmann et al., 2016), these results suggest skeletal system early experiences of poverty set disadvantaged children on a trajectory of altered neurological functioning that, among other things, may result in compromised memory later in life. Future investigations will need to examine specific mechanisms underlying the links between poverty, neural function, and cognitive performance.
Conflict of interest
Funding and disclosure This research was funded by the NIH Grand Opportunities (GO) Grant (RC2MD004767), the W. T. Grant foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. Mac Arthur Foundation Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health, and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Award (U49/CE002099) via the University of Michigan Injury Center.